Intestinal worms are more common than most people realize—and many infections go unnoticed for months or even years. While often associated with children or developing countries, adults can also become infected through food, travel, pets, or environmental exposure. If you’ve been wondering, “Do I have worms?”, understanding the symptoms, causes, and treatment options can help you take the right next steps.
What Are Intestinal Worms?
Intestinal worms are parasites that live inside the human digestive tract. They survive by feeding on nutrients from the host and can interfere with digestion, immunity, and overall health.
The most common types of intestinal worms that affect humans include:
- Pinworms – Common in households with children
- Roundworms – Often spread through contaminated soil or food
- Hookworms – Can enter through the skin and cause blood loss
- Tapeworms – Acquired from undercooked meat or contaminated food
- Strongyloides – Can persist silently for years
- Schistosomes – Acquired through freshwater exposure in certain regions
Each type affects the body differently, which is why symptoms can vary widely.
Common Signs and Symptoms of Worms
Some people experience obvious symptoms, while others have very mild or vague signs. Common symptoms may include:
- Ongoing bloating or abdominal discomfort
- Changes in bowel habits (diarrhea or constipation)
- Unexplained weight loss or difficulty gaining weight
- Fatigue or weakness
- Nausea or loss of appetite
- Anal itching, especially at night
- Skin rashes or itching
- Iron deficiency or anemia
Pinworms, in particular, often cause nighttime anal itching, which can disrupt sleep and irritate surrounding skin.
Less Obvious or Serious Symptoms
Certain worm infections can cause complications if left untreated:
- Hookworms can cause chronic blood loss leading to anemia, fatigue, weakness, swelling, protein loss, and pica (craving non-food items).
- Strongyloidiasis may lead to arthritis, abnormal heart rhythms, kidney issues, or recurrent asthma-like symptoms when chronic.
- Schistosomiasis can cause fever, chills, cough, muscle aches, blood in the urine, liver enlargement, and long-term risks such as liver fibrosis or bladder cancer.
- Tapeworms can lodge in organs such as the appendix, bile duct, or pancreas.
- The tapeworm Taenia solium can cause cysticercosis, a serious condition that may lead to seizures and damage to the brain, muscles, or eyes.
Because symptoms can overlap with other digestive or hormonal issues, worm infections are often overlooked.
How Do People Get Worms?
Worms are typically transmitted through:
- Poor hand hygiene
- Contaminated food or water
- Undercooked meat or fish
- Contact with contaminated soil
- Walking barefoot in certain environments
- Close contact in households, schools, or childcare settings
- Travel to areas with poor sanitation
Can Pets Cause Worm Infections?
Pets can contribute indirectly, but this is often misunderstood.
Dogs and cats can carry certain parasites, and humans may be exposed through:
- Handling pet feces
- Contaminated soil in yards or sandpits
- Poor hand hygiene after touching pets
However, most human intestinal worms are not directly transmitted from pets. Regular deworming of pets, proper hygiene, and handwashing significantly reduce risk.
Do You Need to Treat Worms Every 6 Months?
This is where many people get confused.
Some medical and public health sources recommend preventive worm treatment every six months—but this guidance is intended for high-risk populations, not everyone.
Six-monthly treatment may apply to:
- Children in high-risk environments
- People living in or traveling to areas with high parasite prevalence
- Households with recurrent pinworm infections
- Certain community or institutional settings
For most adults in low-risk environments, doctors usually recommend:
- Treating only when symptoms or exposure are present
- Repeating treatment if reinfection occurs
- Avoiding routine medication without a clear reason
Routine deworming without indication is generally not advised unless specifically recommended by a healthcare provider.
Over-the-Counter and Prescription Treatments
Many common worm infections can be treated with medication.
- Over-the-counter treatments are often available for pinworms in some countries.
- Prescription medications such as albendazole, mebendazole, praziquantel, or ivermectin are used depending on the worm type.
Treatment often involves:
- A single dose or short course
- A repeat dose after 1–2 weeks to prevent reinfection
- Treating household members at the same time for pinworms
Because different worms require different medications, identifying the type of infection is important.
When Should You See a Doctor?
You should seek medical advice if:
- Symptoms persist or worsen
- You have unexplained weight loss or anemia
- You notice worms or segments in stool
- You’ve traveled to high-risk areas
- Symptoms continue after treatment
Stool tests or blood tests may be used to confirm infection.
The Bottom Line
Intestinal worms are more common than many people think, and symptoms can be subtle. While some infections are easily treated, others can cause serious complications if ignored. Preventive treatment may be appropriate in certain high-risk situations, but most adults should only treat when there’s a clear reason.
If you suspect a worm infection, early treatment and proper hygiene can make a significant difference.